Api hash gen


Author: David Zimmer
Date: 01.09.11 - 5:45am



Its pretty typical for shellcode to use an API hasher to locate its target functions. There are some variations in the number of bits they shift to generate the hash. Below is a quick sample in C of a hasher stub where you can just pass in the string api name, and the number of bits to shift and it will output the hash.

I have also included it as a byte buffer VB6 developers can use with the help of CallWindowProc (and its development stub).


Sample Output:

/*
ror7.WinExec = 0x01A22F51
rorD.WinExec = 0x0E8AFE98
rorD.WinExec = 0x0E8AFE98 (CallWindowProc Example)
rorD.WinExec = 0x0E8AFE98 (CallWindowProc byte buffer example)
Brute forcing hash 0xE70283B6
Found bit shift used for WinExec known hash 0xE70283B6 = 0x13

rorD.CloseHandle = 0x0FFD97FB
ror7.CloseHandle = 0xFF0D6657
ror7.CloseHandle = 0xFF0D6657 (CallWindowProc Example)
ror7.CloseHandle = 0xFF0D6657 (CallWindowProc byte buffer example)
*/



#include #include char* vbUsable[] = { "x8Bx45x0CxBBx00x00x00x00xB9x00x00x00x00x8A" "x4Dx10x0FxBEx10x3AxD6x74x07xD3xCBx03xDAx40" "xEBxF2x8BxC3xC2x10x00" }; int _declspec(naked) hasher_4_CallWindowProc(int dummy, char* api, char bits, int arg4){ //printf("in myWindowProc api=%s bits=%x", api, bits); _asm{ mov eax, api ;load our string pointer mov ebx, 0 mov ecx, 0 mov cl, bits hash_loop: movsx edx, byte ptr [eax] ;get next char cmp dl, dh ;reached end of string? jz short end_of_string ror ebx, cl add ebx, edx inc eax jmp short hash_loop end_of_string: mov eax, ebx //mov retVal, eax } //printf("Final value is: %X", retVal); _asm retn 10h } int hasher(char* api, char bits){ int retVal=0; _asm{ mov eax, api ;load our string pointer mov ebx, 0 mov ecx, 0 mov cl, bits hash_loop: movsx edx, byte ptr [eax] ;get next char cmp dl, dh ;reached end of string? jz short end_of_string ror ebx, cl add ebx, edx inc eax jmp short hash_loop end_of_string: mov retVal, ebx } return retVal; }



uint32_t __stdcall proto_CallWindowProc_rol32_generic( int dummy, const uint32_t x , int i, int arg4) { return (x << static_cast(i & 31)) | (x >> static_cast((32 - (i & 31)) & 31)); } void main(void){ int x = 0; unsigned char bits; char *api = "CloseHandle"; int ror13_test = 0xE70283B6; //this is for using vc to generate the asm for use in vb6 w/CallWindowProc int lpfnCallWindowProc = GetProcAddress(LoadLibrary("user32.dll"),"CallWindowProcA"); bits = 0xD; printf("ror%X.%s = 0x%08X ", bits, api, hasher(api, bits) ); bits = 0x7; printf("ror%X.%s = 0x%08X ", bits, api, hasher(api, bits) ); _asm{ push 0 push 0 push bits push api push offset hasher_4_CallWindowProc call lpfnCallWindowProc mov x, eax } printf("ror%X.%s = 0x%08X (CallWindowProc Example) ", bits,api, x); _asm{ push 0 push 0 push bits push api push vbUsable call lpfnCallWindowProc mov x, eax } printf("ror%X.%s = 0x%08X (CallWindowProc byte buffer example) ", bits,api, x); printf(" Brute forcing hash 0x%X ", ror13_test); for(bits=1;bits<254;bits++){ if(hasher("WinExec",bits) == ror13_test){ printf("Found bit shift used for WinExec known hash 0x%X = 0x%X ", ror13_test, bits); exit(0); } } printf(" Could not brute force hash"); }

Example VB6 code to call this byte buffer as asm:



Private Declare Function CallWindowProc Lib "user32" Alias "CallWindowProcA" ( ByVal lpPrevWndFunc As Long, ByVal hWnd As Long, ByVal Msg As Long, ByVal wParam As Long, ByVal lParam As Long ) As Long Const ror = "x8Bx45x0CxBBx00x00x00x00xB9x00x00x00x00x8A" & _ "x4Dx10x0FxBEx10x3AxD6x74x07xD3xCBx03xDAx40" & _ "xEBxF2x8BxC3xC2x10x00" Const asm_rol32 = "x55x8BxECx56x8Bx4Dx10x83xE1x1Fx8Bx45x0C" & _ "xD3xE0x8Bx4Dx10x83xE1x1FxBAx20x00x00x00" & _ "x2BxD1x83xE2x1Fx8Bx75x0Cx8BxCAxD3xEEx0B" & _ "xC6x5Ex5DxC2x10x00" Dim asm() As Byte Dim asm2() As Byte Const LANG_US = &H409 Function toBytes(s) As Byte() Dim b() As Byte tmp = Split(s, "x") ReDim b(UBound(tmp)) For i = 1 To UBound(tmp) If Len(tmp(i)) > 0 Then b(i) = CByte(CInt("&h" & tmp(i))) End If Next toBytes = b() End Function Function rol32(base As Long, bits As Integer) rol32 = CallWindowProc(VarPtr(asm2(1)), 0, base, bits, 0) End Function Function GetHash(api As String, bits As Integer) Dim asciiName() As Byte asciiName() = StrConv(api & chr(0), vbFromUnicode, LANG_US) GetHash = CallWindowProc(VarPtr(asm(1)), VarPtr(asciiName(0)), 7, 0, 0) End Function Private Sub Form_Load() asm() = toBytes(ror) asm2() = toBytes(asm_rol32) MsgBox Hex(GetHash("WinExec", 7)) MsgBox Hex(rol32(1, 1)) End Sub





Comments: (4)

On 01.09.11 - 9:21am Dave wrote:
In the vb code, the conversion to asciiName I forgot to append the chr(0) on the end for a while. Worked allot, failed allot. That was a shitty bug to find!

On 11.20.13 - 11:27pm Daniel wrote:
I wonder if we could get the original string from a hash value.

On 11.21.13 - 5:17am Dave wrote:
see the next api hashs redux post. Since all the strings are known API names, you can easily figure out what string its looking for by building a database of known hash/string pairs.

On 08.27.14 - 6:33am Jay wrote:
@Daniel - Most definitely you can even without a rainbow table such as the one Dave suggested. Youre looking for collisions as a hash is an accumulation of prime multiplied predicates (though this example uses bit-shifting to accomplish it) and is therefore classifiable as a lossful compression. So, and its actually better to use something like CUDA (or whatever AMDs knock off of it is) to stream hundreds of permutations per cycle from different starting points equally distributed until a given set of characters has the equivalent hash value. For example, the commonly used CRC32 hash an equal value for both plumless and buckeroo. Daves example is easily optimized with SCASB and for Drivers (as they use 16bit unicode) SCASW. That said Ive seen some clever people altogether bypass an obvious hash lookup by using a packet payload and having the NIC calculate a check-sum instead due to the fact it is unilaterally consistent algorithm. More complex shellcodes actually create API databases with hash tables - the concept is to overcome API collisions by using the hashed module name, or in the event the name has been stripped, the hash of the module in its entirety. Alternatively a code check for a known function is also feasible by using ordinal exports only(useful when dealing with obfuscated code such as EasyAntiCheat and other malware masquerading as services).

 
Leave Comment:
Name:
Email: (not shown)
Message: (Required)
Math Question: 38 + 43 = ? followed by the letter: M 



About Me
More Blogs
Main Site
Posts: (year)
2024 (1)
     MAP Update
2023 (4)
     Yara Workbench Automation
     VS linker versions
     IDA decompiler comments
     DispCallFunc
2022 (5)
     VB6 Implements
     VB6 Stubs BS
     VB6 TypeInfo
     VB6 VTable Layout
     Yara isPCode rule
2021 (2)
     rtcTypeName
     VB6 Gosub
2020 (5)
     AutoIT versions
     IDA JScript 2
     Using VB6 Obj files from C
     Yara Corrupt Imports
     Yara Undefined values
2019 (6)
     Yara WorkBench
     SafeArrayGetVartype
     vb6 API and call backs
     PrintFile
     ImpAdCallNonVirt
     UConnect Disable Cell Modem
2017 (5)
     IDA python over IPC
     dns wildcard blocking
     64bit IDA Plugins
     anterior lines
     misc news/updates
2016 (4)
     KANAL Mod
     Decoders again
     CDO.Message Breakpoints
     SysAnalyzer Updates
2015 (5)
     SysAnalyzer and Site Updates
     crazy decoder
     ida js w/dbg
     flash patching #2
     JS Graphing
2014 (5)
     Delphi IDA Plugin
     scdbg IDA integration
     API Hash Database
     Winmerge plugin
     IDACompare Updates
2013 (9)
     Guest Post @ hexblog
     TCP Stream Reassembly
     SysAnalyzer Updates
     Apilogger Video
     Shellcode2Exe trainer
     scdbg updates
     IDA Javascript w/IDE
     Rop Analysis II
     scdbg vrs ROP
2012 (13)
     flash patching
     x64 Hooks
     micro hook
     jmp api+5 *2
     SysAnalyzer Updates
     InjDll runtime config
     C# Asm/Dsm Library
     Shellcode Hook Detection
     Updates II
     findDll
     Java Hacking
     Windows 8
     Win7 x64
2011 (19)
     Graphing ideas
     .Net Hacking
     Old iDefense Releases
     BootLoaders
     hll shellcode
     ActionScript Tips
     -patch fu
     scdbg ordinal lookup
     scdbg -api mode
     Peb Module Lists
     scdbg vrs Process Injection
     GetProcAddress Scanner
     scdbg fopen mode
     scdbg findsc mode
     scdbg MemMonitor
     demo shellcodes
     scdbg download
     api hashs redux
     Api hash gen
2010 (11)
     Retro XSS Chat Codes
     Exe as DLL
     Olly Plugins
     Debugging Explorer
     Attach to hidden process
     JS Refactoring
     Asm and Shellcode in CSharp
     Fancy Return Address
     PDF Stream Dumper
     Malcode Call API by Hash
     WinDbg Cheat Sheet
2009 (1)
     GPG Automation